TPO46

The Origins of Writing

• radical 激进的；彻底的

  radically 彻底地

The Commercial Revolution in Medieval Europe

• At cities such as Bruges and London, Hanseatic merchants secured special trading concessions, exempting them from all tolls and allowing them to trade at local fairs.

  在布鲁日和伦敦等城市，汉萨商人获得特殊的贸易优惠，免除了所有的过路费，并且允许他们在当地的集市做买卖。

• secure
  adj. 安心的; 有把握的; 可靠的; 牢靠的; 稳固的; 安全的; 稳妥的;
  v. (尤指经过努力) 获得，取得，实现; 拴牢; 扣紧; 关严; 保护; 保卫; 使安全;

• finished product 成品

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